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Efficacy of Echinacea on the Action of Cyproterone Acetate in Male Rats
Nadia M.S. Arafa
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences , 2010,
Abstract: The study aimed to evaluate the effect Echinacea extract (E) on the testicular antioxidants function in normal rats or that subjected to anti-androgenic compound, cyproterone acetate (CA). Rats were divided into 5 groups treated daily via an oral tube for two intervals 2 and 4 weeks, 1st control, 2nd E (Echinacea treated group in dose 63 mg kg-1), 3rd CA (cyproterone acetate treated group in dose 25 mg kg-1), 4th E+CA and 5th E as prophylactic one week before E+CA treatment with the same aforementioned E or CA doses. The body, testes, epididymis and vas deferens weights were recorded. Sperm count, Nitric Oxide (NO), calcium ion (Ca2+) and malondialdhyde (MDA) contents in addition to superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were determined in testicular tissues. CA exhibited direct negative effect on reproductive organs weight and significant reducing effect on sperm count and Ca2+ contents. SOD and GST activities significantly decreased in addition to significant increase in NO, MDA contents reflecting the oxidative status of testis in CA treated rats. The prophylactic effect of E treatment, in time related manner, showed significant improvement in the antioxidant status of the testicular tissue which is more pronounced as compared to E+CA treatment.
Survey Study of Acute and Long Term Effects of Female Genital Mutilation among Women in Sharkia Governorate  [PDF]
Essa M. Arafa, Amany M. Abdelghany, Nadia M. Madkour, Wael S. Nossair, Ekramy A. Mohamed
Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (OJOG) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2014.414123
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the acute and long-term effects of female genital mutilation (FGM) among women in Sharkia Governorate. Method: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in Zagazic University Hospital (ZUH) over a two years period from January 2012 to January 2014. The overall sample consisted of 1500 women. An interview was utilized to collect the necessary data. The questionnaires were administered face to face, in Arabic language. Four open and 25 close-ended questions were used to collect socio-demographic data of the sample: women’s experience about the circumcision, occurrence of health hazards after circumcision, and sexual effects on married women. Intention of all women (circumcised or not) to circumcise their daughters was also documented. Results: This study revealed that the prevalence of FGM in Sharkia Governorate was about 85.5%. The majority of circumcised women were Muslims (94.4%), married (87.9%), housewife (81.4%), illiterate or with low education level (45.5% and 38.5% respectively) and from rural areas (82.2%). The most common types of FGM were type I (49.2%) and type II (50.8%). The most common motive of FGM was the religious cause (46.6%). The majority of circumcised women (59%) denied the occurrence of any acute complication. The reported acute complications in this study were bleeding (19.6%), urine retention (2.3%), infection (6.3%) and difficult walking (12.8%). The majority of circumcised women (86%) denied the occurrence of any problems at labor related to circumcision. The reported problems at labor in this study were narrowing of introitus (8.4%), laceration (0.7%) and bleeding (4.9%). In this study, 74.6% of circumcised women believed that there was no effect of circumcision on their sexual satisfaction and 92.1% of circumcised women believed that there was no effect of circumcision on their husband’s sexual satisfaction. Approximately 16% of circumcised women complained of dyspareunia and believed that it was related to circumcision. Conclusion: Female circumcision is deeply rooted in our community and laws alone will not eradicate it. Moreover, this approach may drive it underground. Increased media coverage, statements by ministers, religious leaders
Correlation between Perifollicular Vascularity and Outcome in Stimulated Intrauterine Insemination Treatment Cycles: A Study Using Two-Dimensional Transvaginal Power Doppler Ultrasound  [PDF]
Nadia M. Madkour, Wael S. Nossair, Essa M. Arafa, Amany M. Abdelghany, Ekramy A. Mohamed, Walid A. Abdelsalam
Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (OJOG) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2014.415137
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study is to assess any potential relationship between perifollicular vascularity and occurrence of pregnancy in cases of stimulated IUI cycles using the subjective grading system by 2D transvaginal power Doppler ultrasonography. Design: A prospective cross sectional cohort study. Method: This is a prospective cross-sectional cohort study of 90 stimulated IUI treatment cycles. Selected women were prescribed clomiphene citrate combined with highly purified urinary follicle stimulating hormone. All patients underwent serial transvaginal ultrasound scans starting from day 6 to 7 of the cycle. Perifollicular Doppler blood flows were assessed in dominant follicles ≥18 mm. The patients then were categorized into 3 groups (high vascularity group {G3 & G4}, low vascularity group {G1 & G2} and mixed grades group). Other parameters measured included number of follicles ≥ 18 mm in both ovaries, endometrial thickness and estradiol (E2) level . Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection 10,000 IU IM was given to the patient when the dominant follicle reached 18 mm in diameter. At that time, the endometrium was evaluated as regards endometrial thickness. IUI was carried out using prepared/“washed” semen (husband). All patients received luteal support in the form of progesterone from day of IUI for 14 days. Serum Β-hCG was estimated 2 weeks after insemination. Results: In this study, from all 90 cases only 8 cases got pregnant with pregnancy rate of 8.88% (6 cases got pregnant in high grade vascularity group; 2 cases in mixed grades group and no cases got pregnant in low grade group). There was statistically significant difference among the 3 groups as regarding the pregnancy rate (P value = 0.02). There is statistically significant difference in perifollicular resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) between pregnant and non pregnant cases (P value = 0.016 and 0.047 respectively). In this study, there is no statistically significant difference between pregnant and non pregnant cases as regarding endometrial thickness and E2 level at the day of hCG administration (P value = 0.39 and 0.76 respectively). Conclusion: Perifollicular blood-flow assessment by 2D transvaginal power Doppler is a good predictive for the outcome of stimulated IUI cycles.
Histopathological Changes in Rat Hypothalamus After Propylthiouracil Induced Hypothyroidism and The Protective Role of Folic Acid
Ehab TOUSSON,Wafaa IBRAH？M,Nadia ARAFA,Mohamed A AKELA
Journal of Neurological Sciences , 2012,
Abstract: Background: Hypothyroidism means that the thyroid gland can't make enough thyroid hormone to keep the body running normally. We studied the histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in the hypothalamus of hypothyroid rat at the post-pubertal stage, in addition to the ameliorating role of folic acid.Material and Method: Twenty male albino rats were equally divided into four groups; the first and second groups were the control and folic acid groups respectively while the third group was the hypothyroid group in which rats received propylthiouracil (PTU) in drinking water for 6 weeks to induce hypothyroidism. The fourth group was hypothyroid rats treated with folic acid for four weeks and dissected after 6 weeks. In order to ensure the hypothyroid state, the level of serum T3 and TSH through the dose period were regularly determined.Results: The levels of TSH in hypothyroid rats were significantly higher while the levels of T3 were significantly lower in hypothyroid rats when compared to control rats group. A variety of changes were observed in the hypothalamus of hypothyroid compared with control rats. Microscopically, the hypothalamus of hypothyroid rats showed diffuse vacuolar degeneration and damages neurons especially in both SCN and SON.Conclusion: Treatment of hypothyroidism with folic acid depressed the histopathological alternation.
Accuracy of Intraoperative Frozen Section in the Diagnosis of Ovarian Neoplasms  [PDF]
Amany M. Abdelghany, Essa M. Arafa, Nadia M. Madkour, Wael S. Nossair, Ekramy A. Mohamed, Walid A. Abdelsalam, Amira A. Salem
Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (OJOG) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2015.51003
Abstract:

Objective: The aim of the work is to evaluate the accuracy of intraoperative frozen section in the diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms in Zagazig University. Design: A prospective cross sectional cohort study. Method: This study was performed between March 2011 and March 2012, on 50 patients presented with ovarian mass. Gross examination of the tumor removed was done by inspection and palpation. The specimen was then cut with a sharp knife into two halves. The most appropriate area thought to be representative of lesion was chosen. The number of sections frozen was depended on the type and size of the tumor. Seven to eight μm sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The specimens were then fixed in formalin. Paraffin blocks of the sections were processed in the routine way and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E). The diagnosis obtained by intraoperative frozen section based on cellularity and cell morphology was compared with final histopathological diagnosis in terms of diagnostic sensitivity, to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. Assessment of the overall accuracy of the intraoperative diagnosis was classified as concordant or discordant. Results: There was no statisticaly significant differencre in the studied patients as regard the clinical data, macroscopic and intraoperative picture, while there was statisticaly significat association as regard the laterality of the ovarian masses. The validity of frozen section in the diagnosis of benign tumour was 100% with 100% accuracy, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, while sensitivity & negative prediction for borderline tumour and specificity & positive prediction of malignant tumour were 100%, specifecity for borderline tumours was 95% while the positive predictive value was 33.3% with 96% accuracy for both malignant and borderline tumours. Conclusion: Intraoperative frozen section is accurate for rapid diagnosis of ovarian tumors. It can help surgeons avoid under-treatment or overtreatment of patients. Our study was designed prospectively using a small number of patients. The door is open to larger studies using a larger number of patients to be performed in order to substantiate our results.

Comparative Study between Intraoperative Frozen Section and Scrape Smear Cytology in the Diagnosis of Ovarian Neoplasm  [PDF]
Amany M. Abdelghany, Essa M. Arafa, Nadia M. Madkour, Wael S. Nossair, Ekramy A. Mohamed, Walid A. Abdelsalam, Amira A. Salem
Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (OJOG) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2015.51005
Abstract:

Objective: The aim of this work is to compare between intraoperative frozen section and scrape smear cytology in the diagnosis of ovarian neoplasm. Method: This study was performed between March 2011 and March 2012, on 50 patients presented with ovarian mass. Gross examination of the tumor removed was done by inspection and palpation. The specimen was then cut with a sharp knife into two halves. The area was scraped with a sharp scalpel or the end of a glass slide, depending upon the type of tissue. A semifluid drop thus obtained was spread over a glass slide. One to four slides per case were taken from different representative areas. The slides were labelled and immediately put into 95% ethyl alcohol and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The specimens were then fixed in formalin. Paraffin blocks of the sections were processed in the routine way and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E). Assessment of the overall accuracy of the intraoperative diagnosis was classified as concordant or discordant. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of scraping technique in the diagnosis of benign ovarian masses were 100%, 95.2%, 96.7%, 100% and 98% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of scraping technique in the diagnosis of border line ovarian masses were 100%, 93.4%, 25%, 100% and 94% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of scraping technique in the diagnosis of malignant ovarian masses were 80%, 100%, 100%, 88.2% and 92% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of benign ovarian masses were 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 100% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of borderline ovarian masses were 100%, 95.9%, 33.3%, 100% and 96% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of malignant ovarian masses were 90%, 100%, 100%, 93.8% and 96% respectively. Conclusion: Frozen section is more accurate than smear preparations in the intraoperative assessment of ovarian tumors in this study. However, the cytology preparations were helpful in

Influence of Echinacea extract pre- or postnatal supplementation on immune and oxidative status of growing rabbits
Nadia M. S. Arafa,Salem M.A. Salem,Omar A. H. A. Farid
Italian Journal of Animal Science , 2010, DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e63
Abstract: Our study aimed to investigate the effect of Echinacea purpurea (E) root extract supplementation on the immune response and antioxidant status of growing New Zealand White rabbits. The study started with twenty pregnant does divided into two groups (10 each): the control (MC) group and the E-treated (MT) group. Twenty pups obtained from both the MC and MT does were divided into four sub-groups (n=10 each): (i) PCMC (control pups from control mothers), (ii) PTMC (E-treated pups from control mothers), (iii) PCMT (control pups from E-treated mothers), and (iv) PTMT (E-treated pups from E-treated mothers). Treatment with Echinacea showed, at the end of the fattening period, as compared to the control, a reduction in the mortality rate in the PTMC and PTMT groups and significantly increased body weight and red blood cells; the percentage of packed cell volume increased significantly in the PTMT group at the end of the experiment as compared to the PCMC group. The white blood cell count and particularly the percentage of lymphocytes increased (P<0.05) in the PTMC and PTMT groups while the percentage of neutrophils decreased (P<0.05). Plasma total protein (TP), serum total IgG, serum glutathione and nitric oxide increased (P<0.05) while the serum albumin/globulin ratio and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased (P<0.05) in the PTMC and PTMT groups. Our results suggest that Echinacea purpurea extract supplementation to pregnant and weaned rabbits might enhance the immune function and increase the activities of the antioxidant defence system in addition to the reduction of mortality rate after weaning, which is a strategy to improve growth performance and animal health when fattening rabbits for production.
Possible Involvement of Dehydroepiandrosterone and Cyproterone Acetate Central Role in Young and Aged Male Rats Fed on High Fat Diet
Nadia M.S. Arafa,Afaf M.A. Abo-Nour,Ahmed R. Ezzat,Elham H. A. Ali
Journal of Medical Sciences , 2009,
Abstract: The present study aims to investigate the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Cyproterone Acetate (CA) on the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain as well as on the levels of serum DHEA, testosterone and corticosterone in young and aged rats fed on high fat diet. These neurotransmitters and hormones were chosen because of their association with obesity, mood and cognitive functions. Young and aged male rats were divided into two normal basal diet and high fat diet fed groups. Each group was further divided into control, DHEA, CA and DHEA+CA. Treatments were given for either 2 or 8 consecutive weeks. DHEA treatment induced a significant reduction in the cortical contents of norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in aged rats, whereas young rats fed on a normal diet exhibited a significant elevation in serotonin level. Young rats fed on high fat diet exhibited a significant elevation of both norepinephrine and epinephrine. CA treatment induced an increase in cortical monoamine levels of young and aged rats fed on both types of diet. All treatments increased hypothalamic serotonin contents. DHEA treatment increased serum DHEA, corticosterone and testosterone levels, while CA treatment decreased corticosterone and testosterone levels without significance on the DHEA level in all treated groups. Treatment with DHEA+CA restored testosterone to its normal value. In general, there is a positive correlation between serum DHEA level and hypothalamic neurotransmitters and the levels of studied serum hormones. On the other hand, there was a negative correlation between serum DHEA level and cortical neurotransmitters. It is possible that DHEA induces its hypolipidemic action through stimulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis resulting in elevating corticosterone level with its known lipolytic action. The young rats fed on high fat diet were the most affected group as the diet caused inverse results in correlation between serum DHEA level and hypothalamic monoamine neurotransmitters and these results might have led to discourage the obesity, mood and cognitive functions. Also, treatment with the two drugs together would maintain normal levels of DHEA, corticosterone and testosterone.
Risk Assessment and Risk Perception of Coronary Heart Disease in Gaza Strip, Palastine  [PDF]
Hatem Dabbak, Mostafa A. Arafa
Health (Health) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/health.2014.621327
Abstract: Aim: The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of coronary heart diseases (CHD) risk factors among Ghaza (Palastine) university students, to assess the CHD risk among them using a suitable scoring system and to identify how they perceive their risk of CHD. Methods: During the period from May 2008 to May 2009, 501 students were involved. Participants were subjected to the following activities; self administered questionnaire: including socio-demographic data, medical history of chronic diseases, family history about CHD, knowledge and perception of risk factors, anthropometric measurements in addition to laboratory testing. Results: The mean age was 20.8 ± 2.07 years; 54% were females. The prevalence of hypertension and DM was 3.6% and 0.4% while it was 2.6% for hypercholesterolemia. The mean levels of LDL-C (88 mg/dl vs 85.5 mg/dl) and HDL-C (52.4 mg/dl vs 42.6 mg/dl) were higher among females than among males. Smoking was more prevalent among males than among females (33.1% vs 1.7%) with a total prevalence of 19%. Overweight and obesity were more prevalent among males (30.7% vs 22.5% and 9.6% vs 5.6%). In contrast to risk perception female students tend to be more knowledgeable than males with regards to different aspects of CHD. The overall level of perceived risk was moderate. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age and sex were associated significantly by higher level of total perception (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Health education and health promotion programs should be implemented and integrated within the primary health care sectors and directed to university students before admission. Further research needed to be implemented on larger sample to test knowledge and perception of the public in regard to their risk for heart disease including school children and community so that education could be provided in a more focused manner.
Determinants of primary care physicians’ practice of prostate cancer counseling and screening  [PDF]
Danny M. Rabah, Mostafa A. Arafa
Health (Health) , 2010, DOI: 10.4236/health.2010.211195
Abstract: Objective: The objective was to examine practices of primary care physicians and its determinants towards prostate cancer screening. Methods: Data was obtained from 204 primary care physicians using self-reports of prostate cancer screening practices, knowledge, attitudes towards prostate cancer screening. Results: nearly half of the respondent (54.7%) were practicing counseling and referring prostate cancer patients. The mean correct knowledge score was 54.3%, their attitude was not strong; the only statement that nearly seventy percent of physicians agreed upon was about the value of screening, however, the reliability and evidence to support DRE & PSA were in question. Knowledge and attitude were found to be the most significant predictors that determine physicians’ self practice. Conclusion: Background information and attitudes are important determinants of physicians’ practice behavior towards prostate cancer counseling and referral in our study.
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